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The Boeing B Stratojet Boeing company designation Model is a retired American long- range , six-engined, turbojet -powered strategic bomber designed to fly at high subsonic speed and at high altitude to avoid enemy interceptor aircraft.
The primary mission of the B was as a nuclear bomber capable of striking targets within the Soviet Union. Another key innovation adopted during the development process was the swept wing , drawing upon captured German research.
With its engines carried in nacelles underneath the wing, the B represented a major innovation in post- World War II combat jet design, and contributed to the development of modern jet airliners. This would be soon followed by much larger contracts.
Over 2, were manufactured to meet the Air Force's demands, driven by the tensions of the Cold War. The B was in service as a strategic bomber until , at which point it had largely been supplanted by more capable aircraft, such as the Boeing B Stratofortress.
The B was also adapted to perform a number of other roles and functions, including photographic reconnaissance , electronic intelligence , and weather reconnaissance. While never seeing combat as a bomber, reconnaissance RBs would occasionally come under fire near or within Soviet air space. The type remained in service as a reconnaissance aircraft until A few served as flying testbeds up until The B arose from an informal requirement for a jet-powered reconnaissance bomber, drawn up by the United States Army Air Forces USAAF to prompt manufacturers to start research into jet bombers.
Boeing was among several companies to respond to the request; one of its designs, the Model , was basically a scaled-down version of the piston-engined B Superfortress equipped with four jet engines. Wind tunnel testing had shown that the drag from the engine installation of the Model was too high, so Boeing's entry was a revised design, the Model , with the four engines buried in the forward fuselage. The powerplant was to be General Electric's new TG turbojet engine.
He had heard about the controversial swept-wing theory of R. Jones at Langley, but seeing German models of swept-wing aircraft and extensive supersonic wind-tunnel data, the concept was decisively confirmed. He wired his home office: "Stop the bomber design" and changed the wing design. It retained the four TG jet engines in its forward fuselage, with two more TGs in the rear fuselage.
The flush-mounted air intakes for the rear engines were inadequate while the USAAF considered the engine installation within the fuselage to be a fire hazard. The engines were moved to streamlined pylon-mounted pods under the wings, leading to the next iteration, the Model , which featured two TGs in a twin pod mounted on a pylon about a third of the way outboard on each wing, plus another engine at each wingtip. The thin wings provided no space for tricycle main gear to retract so it would have needed a considerable bulge in the fuselage aft of the bomb bay for lateral stability.
The only way to get a bomb-bay long enough for an A-bomb was to use a "bicycle landing gear", [12] the two main gear assemblies arranged in a tandem configuration and outrigger struts fitted to the inboard engine pods. As the landing gear arrangement made rotation impossible, it was designed so that the aircraft rested on the ground at the proper angle for takeoff. According to aviation authors Bill Gunston and Peter Gilchrist, Boeing subjected the first prototype to "one of the most comprehensive ground-test programmes ever undertaken".
The XB prototype flew its first flight on 17 December the anniversary of the Wright Brothers ' first four flights on 17 December , with test pilots Robert Robbins and Scott Osler at the controls. Robbins stated that it had good flight characteristics. Robbins had been skeptical about the XB, saying that before his first flight he had prayed, "Oh God, please help me through the next two hours. The second XB prototype first flew on 21 July and, following its delivery to the USAF in December of that year, served as a flying test bed until Its final destination was Chanute AFB where it was used as a maintenance and familiarization aircraft.
The first prototype was later retrofitted with these engines. Flight testing of the prototypes was careful and methodical since the design was new in so many ways. They initially suffered from " Dutch roll ", an instability that caused it to weave in widening "S" turns, remedied by the addition of a " yaw damper " control system to automatically deflect the rudder to damp out the weaving motion.
Wind tunnel tests had shown it would pitch up at maximum speed due to wing stall on the outboard section of the wing. This was confirmed during flight tests so small vanes called " vortex generators " were added to prevent airflow separation. Upon retirement, XB was restored and placed on display at the Octave Chanute Aerospace Museum in Rantoul, Illinois , remaining there until the museum announced its closure due to financial difficulties in April The purchase was completed in August and on 21 September the aircraft arrived at Edwards AFB for reassembly, restoration and eventual display at the Flight Test Museum.
The North American design won that round of the competition. The expectation was that B production would be terminated if either of the remaining two designs in the competition, the Boeing XB and the Martin XB, proved superior. Wolfe, in charge of bomber production, for a ride in the XB The total number of Bs built was 2, The XB, which looked nothing like contemporary bombers, was described by Boyne [34] as a "sleek, beautiful outcome that was highly advanced".
The degree swept wings were shoulder-mounted, the inboard turbojet engines mounted in twin pods, at about a third of the span, and the outboard engines singly near the wing tip. This arrangement reduced the bending moment at the wing roots, saving structural weight. The engines' mass acted as counter- flutter weights.
The copilot doubled as tail gunner using a remotely controlled, radar -directed tail gun , and the navigator as bombardier. Most production versions had a metal nose with no windows. A K-series bombsight provided integrated radar navigation and visual navigation, the optical portion extending through the nose in a small dome.
For greater comfort, both heaters and refrigeration systems were present in the cockpit to manage the cockpit environment. There was little vibration compared to prior bombers powered by reciprocating engines.
During the late s, the bomber was hailed as the fastest of its class in the world. Early jet engines did not develop good thrust at low speeds, so to assist take off when heavily loaded, the B had provisions for fitting solid-fuel rocket-assisted takeoff RATO rockets, each generating roughly 1, lbf 4. Most of the space within the upper fuselage was taken up by self-sealing fuel tanks , the wing having been deemed unsuitable for storing fuel.
The performance of the Model was projected to be so good that the bomber would be as fast as fighters then on the drawing board; [45] thus the only defensive armament was to be a tail turret with two.
The total bombload capacity was to be 25, lb 11 t. Production aircraft were to be equipped with modern electronics for navigation, bombing, countermeasures and turret fire control. Navigation was more difficult than on earlier aircraft due to the higher speed involved.
One problem with the aircraft was that at higher altitudes, where the pure turbojet engines could produce good fuel economy, the wing was very compromised. At the top of the B's envelope, about 35, feet 11, m , it was in " coffin corner ".
For the B to cross the Atlantic Ocean, it had to be flown this high. Due to its rudimentary autopilot, the pilot had to leave it turned off and spend up to eight hours diligently monitoring the airspeed and adjusting the throttles to avoid going into a stall.
Fuel capacity was enormous, at 17, US gal 64, l , more than triple the 5, US gal 19, l on the B Superfortress, and meant that maintaining fuel trim to ensure a stable center of gravity was a critical copilot duty. The aircraft was so aerodynamically clean that rapid descent "penetration" from high cruise altitude to the landing pattern required dragging the deployed rear landing gear. A related problem was that the aircraft's engines would have to be throttled down on landing approach.
Since it could take as long as 20 seconds to throttle them back up to full power, the bomber could not easily do a " touch and go " momentary landing. A foot "approach chute" drogue parachute provided aerodynamic drag so that the aircraft could be flown at approach speeds with the engines throttled at ready-to-spool-up medium power.
On the ground, the pilots used the foot "brake chute". The brake chute could be deployed to stop the aircraft from "porpoising", or bouncing, after a hard landing on the front nose gear. Upon entry to service, its performance was closer to that of contemporary fighters than SAC's extant B Peacemaker bomber, setting multiple records with ease. It handled well in flight, the controls having a fighter-like light touch.
The large bubble canopy enhanced the flying crew's vision and gave a fighter-like feel, but also caused internal temperature variations for the crew.
In the B became operational. It was sluggish on takeoff and too fast on landings, an unpleasant combination. If landed at the wrong angle, the B would "porpoise", bouncing fore-and-aft. If the pilot did not lift off for another go-around, instability would quickly cause it to skid onto one wing and cartwheel. Because the wings and surfaces flexed in flight, low-altitude speed restrictions were necessary to ensure effective flight control. Much work was done to improve avionics reliability, but avionics remained troublesome throughout the B's operational life.
Starting in , several models of the B included a fuel tank inerting system , in which dry ice was sublimed into carbon dioxide vapor while the fuel pumps operated or while the in-flight refueling system was in use. The carbon dioxide was pumped into both the fuel tanks and the fuel system to ensure low oxygen levels throughout. It was implemented largely to reduce the probability of an explosion from static electricity discharges.
Initial mission profiles included the loft bombing of nuclear weapons. As the training for this imposes repeated high stress on the aircraft, the airframe lifetime would have been severely limited by metal fatigue , and this maneuver was eliminated.
Improved training led to a good safety record, and few crews felt the aircraft was unsafe or too demanding, but apparently there were some aircrews who had little affection for the B Crew workload was high, having only three crew members to operate it. An XB was flown in the Operation Greenhouse nuclear weapons test. A BE was then flown in the test, Operation Redwing. These were "simulated strike missions against the then Soviet enemy". In the event, three Bs participated in the G.
One of these set a course speed record of Bs were often set up on "one-third" alert, with a third of operational aircraft available sitting on hardstands or an alert ramp adjacent to the runway, loaded with fuel and nuclear weapons, crews on standby, ready to attack the USSR at short notice. Crews were trained to perform " Minimum Interval Take Offs MITO ", [57] one bomber following another into the air at intervals of as little as 15 seconds to launch as fast as possible.
MITO could be hazardous, as the bombers left wingtip vortices and general turbulence behind them; the first generation turbojet engines, fitted with water-injection systems, also created dense black smoke. The B was the backbone of SAC into , when the B began to assume nuclear alert duties and the number of B bomber wings started to be reduced.
B production ceased in , though modifications and rebuilds continued. Operational practice for B bomber operations during this time went from high-altitude bombing to low-altitude strike, which was judged more likely to penetrate Soviet defenses. Stress and fatigue incurred in low-altitude operations led to a number of wing failures and crashes, and an extensive refit program was begun in to strengthen the wing mountings.
The program was known as "Milk Bottle", named after the big connecting pins that were replaced in the wing roots. One of the more notable mishaps involving a B occurred on 5 February near Savannah, Georgia, in the so-called Tybee Island B crash.
As was the practice at the time, the B was carrying a single 7, lb 3, kg Mark 15 nuclear bomb , without its core.
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